      

              ,          (      )｡
                     ,                ｡

      
        
  	      
  	the People's Republic of China
 	 
  	 
 	 
   	 ､  ､  ､   
  	10 1 
 	《      》
   	CHN
   	  (     )
 	   (  ､   ､   )
 	  (    )
   	       
   	141178 (2020 )
   	148.35 /    
   	  56   
   	 ､  ､    ､   ､   
   	    960     ,     470      ｡
  	2.8%
GDP  	1015986.2  (2020 )
 GDP	72447 (2020 )
     	+86
     	.  ､.cn
   	   
  	    
   	《         》

       (the People's Republic of China),  「  」,            ,   1949 10 1 ,      ,     ,        ､                      ,        ､《      》   ,       ､   ､      ,               ,     (        ),         ､56                ,              ｡
      960     ,          1.8    ,           470      ｡         7600  ,       ,  35798    ｡   7   ｡       34  ｡
               ,                 ,          ｡1949       ,             ,1956          ,                 ｡       ,            ,               ｡      ,              ｡
               ,          ,         ,                 ,2020       100   ｡               ,               ,             ,            ｡

   

1453 ,         ,    ｡                        ,  1644     ,                  ,        ｡           ,    ｡          ,        ,            ,      ｡1650  ,           ,                      ,            ｡         ､        ,1650 10 ,             ,        ,        ｡                   ,      ｡
              ,    ,         ｡              ,         ,    ｡1655 ,        ,    ,     ,    ｡      ､      ,        ,       ,    ,      ,      ｡
    ,               ,            ｡                 ｡             ｡            ,                    ,        ,       ,       ｡
     ,             ,        ,            ,      ｡       ､    ,        ｡               ｡      ,         ,       ､  ,            ｡              ,         ,               ｡             1833             ｡
1800 ,   「    」  ,    ,       ｡       ,            ,1840 ,            ,                     ,    3  ｡                         ,      ｡          ,                  ｡                    ,      ,        ,        ,       ；          ､               ,      ｡              ｡              ,        ｡
1900 ,               ,    ,    ｡1906 ,      ,  ､  ､  ､  ､  ､   ､  ､          ｡     ,                 ,          ,    ｡1912 ,                  ,      ｡                              ,      ,         ,      ｡
1949 ,         ,        ,        ｡1950 ,      ｡1955 ,         ,          ｡1964 ,        ｡1967 ,       ｡1970 ,「     」      ,1978           「    」      ,1982      「        」  ,1992                     ,        ,         ,          ,  ､  ､   ､           ｡

   

     ,                : ( )     ； ( )    ； ( )    ｡
 2020  ,    34  ､    ､    ､     ｡        ｡

      (             ,       )
   	 	      	      	 
  	  			                 
  	  			                 
  	  	 	  	                             
  	  			                    
  	  			                              
  	  			                 
  	  	 	  	                 
  	  			                 
  	  			                 
  	  			                              
  	  	 	  	                                         
  	  			                    
  	  			                       
  	  			                     
  	  	 	  	                                            
  	  			                             
  	  			                                            
  	  			                      
  	  	 	  	                       
  	  			                      
  	  			                             
  	  			                                
  	  	 	  	                        
  	  			                                     
  	  			                                
  	  			                                   
  	  	 	 	                 
  	  			                    
  	  			                    
  	  			                                   
  	  	 	 	               
  	  			             
  	  			                              
  	  			                        

    

                     ,              OTL                             ,               otl     ｡

    
OTL   	    
  	  
  	  
   	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
   	  
  	  
   	  
  	  
  	  
  	  
  ·   	  
   	  
  	  
   	  
  	  

 ,                        ｡   ,                     ｡

 

   

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